Uko ubushyuhe bw'impeshyi bugenda bushira n'ikirere kigahinduka gishyushye, abantu benshi bategerezanyije amatsiko. Ku baturage b'Abashinwa n'abakunzi b'umuco ku isi, iki gihe cy'umwaka ni cyo gihe cy'Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati y'Impeshyi - umunsi mukuru wuzuyemo amateka, ibimenyetso, n'icyifuzo rusange cyo gusabana. Rizwi kandi nk'Iserukiramuco ry'Ukwezi cyangwa Zhongqiu Jie mu rurimi rwa Mandarin, riba ku munsi wa 15 w'ukwezi kwa munani, aho ukwezi byitezwe ko ari ku ruziga, mucyo mwinshi, kandi umucyo mwinshi. Iki gikorwa cyo mu ijuru gikoreshwa nk'ikigereranyo gikomeye cy'ubwuzu, kongera guhura kw'umuryango, n'imibanire irambye irenga intera. Uretse umunsi umwe w'ikiruhuko, Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati y'Impeshyi ni umuco uhoraho, uhuza imigani ya kera, imizi y'ubuhinzi, n'ibirori bya none mu buryo bw'imyambarire iha icyubahiro ibyahise mu gihe wibuka iby'ubu.
Inkomoko: Imigani, Isarura, n'Imizi ya Kera
Inkomoko y'Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati mu Mpeshyi irahera mu myaka irenga 3.000, ishingiye ku bikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'imigani isobanutse neza. Ibimenyetso byaryo bya mbere biboneka mu Ngoma ya Shang (1600-1046 Mbere ya Yesu), ubwo abaturage ba kera b'Abashinwa bakoraga imihango yo kuramya ukwezi. Bitandukanye n'amateraniro y'ibirori yo muri iki gihe, iyi mihango yo hambere yari iy'ingenzi, yibandaga ku gushimira imana y'ukwezi kubera umusaruro mwinshi. Abahinzi bizeraga ko ukwezi kwagize ingaruka ku mikurire y'ibihingwa—urumuri rwako rworoshye rwayoboraga kuhira nijoro n'ibihe byako bigaragaza igihe gikwiye cyo gutera no gusarura. Kubaha ukwezi ntabwo byari igikorwa cy'umwuka gusa ahubwo byari uburyo bwo kwemeza ko hazaza heza, bigatuma ibirori bihuzwa cyane n'imiziki y'ibidukikije.
Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, iyi mihango y'ubuhinzi yahujwe n'imigani n'inkuru, bituma ibirori biba inkuru ikomeye. Inkuru izwi cyane muri izi nkuru ni inkuru ya Chang'e, Imanakazi y'ukwezi, inkuru yagiye ihererekanywa mu bisekuruza bitandukanye kandi ikomeje kuba ingenzi mu birori byo hagati mu gihe cy'impeshyi muri iki gihe. Nk'uko inkuru ibivuga, Chang'e yari umugore wa Hou Yi, umurashi w'umuhanga. Mu bihe bya kera, izuba icumi ryarasaga mu kirere, ritwika isi kandi rigatera abantu amapfa. Hou Yi yarashe izuba icyenda, akiza isi, maze ahabwa umutsi wo kudapfa. Yahaye Chang'e umutsi wo kunyweraho, amutegeka kutawunywa. Ariko, inshuti y'umunyamururumba ya Hou Yi yagerageje kwiba umutsi wo kunyweraho ubwo yari adahari. Kugira ngo awurinde, Chang'e yanyoye umutsi wo kunyweraho ubwe maze azamuka ajya ku kwezi, aho yari atuye kuva icyo gihe, aherekejwe n'urukwavu rwa jade gusa. Buri mwaka ku Iserukiramuco ryo mu Gihe cy'Impeshyi, abantu bareba ukwezi, bizeye kubona Chang'e n'urukwavu rwe, maze bakabyoherereza ibyifuzo byabo byo kongera guhura no kwishima ku bakunzi babo hafi na kure.
Undi muntu w'ingenzi mu nkuru zo mu gihe cy'impeshyi ni Wu Gang, umutetsi w'ibiti wahanishijwe n'imana gutema igiti cya osmanthus kidapfa ku kwezi. Uko yatema kose, igiti cyikiza mu ijoro rimwe, kikamucira akazi k'iteka ryose. Kuva icyo gihe igiti cya osmanthus cyabaye ikimenyetso cy'umunsi mukuru—indabyo zacyo zihumura neza zikunze gukoreshwa mu biryo biryoshye gakondo n'icyayi, kandi ishusho yacyo ishushanyijeho amatara n'imitako. Hamwe, inkuru za Chang'e na Wu Gang zongerera ubwiza n'ubumaji ku munsi mukuru, zihindura ibirori byoroshye byo gusarura mu muco wuzuyemo amarangamutima n'ubusobanuro.
Iterambere ry'Iserukiramuco: Kuva ku Mihango y'Ingoma kugeza ku Minsi mikuru Mpuzamahanga
Nubwo inkomoko y'Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati mu Mpeshyi ari irya kera, imiterere yaryo ya none yagiye ihinduka mu binyejana byinshi, ishingiye ku mpinduka z'ubwami, impinduka mu mibereho, no guhanahana umuco. Mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Tang (618-907 CE), iri serukiramuco ryatangiye gufata isura y'ibirori. Imiryango y'abami yakoreraga ibirori bikomeye munsi y'ukwezi, aho abasizi bahimbaga imivugo isingiza ubwiza bw'ukwezi, n'abacuranzi bacuranga indirimbo gakondo. Abantu basanzwe nabo bifatanyije, bateranira hamwe n'imiryango kugira ngo basangire amafunguro, baguruke amatara, kandi bishimire ukwezi. Muri icyo gihe ni bwo mooncakes—ubu ari yo ibiryo by'ingenzi cyane mu iserukiramuco—yatangiye kwifashishwa mu birori, nubwo mu ntangiriro zari amafunguro yoroheje yuzuyemo ibishyimbo biryoshye cyangwa imbuto za lotus.
Ingoma y'indirimbo (960–1279 CE) yabaye ihinduka rikomeye ku Iserukiramuco ryo mu Gihe cy'Impeshyi, kuko ryabaye umunsi mukuru wemewe. Gukundwa kwa mooncakes kwararushijeho kwiyongera, kandi byatangiye gukorwa mu buryo buhambaye n'uburyohe, akenshi bigashyirwamo imiterere y'ukwezi, indabyo za Chang'e, cyangwa indabyo za osmanthus. Amatara nayo yabaye igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibirori—yakozwe mu buryo buhambaye mu miterere y'inyamaswa, indabyo, n'ibiremwa by'imigani, yacanwaga kandi agatwarwa mu mihanda, ahindura ijoro inyanja y'umucyo. Iki gihe kandi cyagaragaje "ibirori byo kureba ukwezi," aho intiti n'abahanzi bateraniraga mu busitani, bakanywa divayi, kandi bakaganira kuri filozofiya bareba ukwezi. Aya materaniro yafashije gushimangira izina ry'iri serukiramuco nk'igihe cyo gutekereza, guhanga udushya, no guhanahana ibitekerezo.
Ku ngoma za Ming (1368–1644 CE) na Qing (1644–1912 CE), Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati mu Mpeshyi ryari ryarabaye umuco ukunzwe mu byiciro byose by’imibereho. Mooncakes zarushijeho gutera imbere, aho umuhondo w’igi urimo umunyu hagati—bigereranya ukwezi kuzuye—n’ibindi byinshi byuzuza, birimo ibishyimbo bitukura, imbuto za lotus, ndetse n’ibindi biryoshye nka jambon. Iri serukiramuco ryabaye kandi igihe cyo gutanga impano, kuko abantu bahanaga mooncakes n’imbuto n’inshuti, umuryango, na bagenzi babo nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubugiraneza. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, havutse imigenzo yihariye: mu Ntara ya Guangdong, urugero, abantu bakoze ibirori bya “amatara y’ibirahure”, aho amatara yandikwaga ku matara, kandi abayakemuye batsindiraga ibihembo bito. Mu Ntara ya Fujian, imiryango yagurutsaga amatara yo mu kirere, yandika ibyifuzo byabo ku matara mbere yo kuyarekura mu kirere cya nijoro, aho yazamukaga hejuru nk’inyenyeri nto.
Mu kinyejana cya 20 n'icya 21, Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati mu Mpeshyi ryarenze inkomoko yaryo mu Bushinwa rihinduka ibirori ku isi yose. Uko imiryango y'Abashinwa yakwirakwiriye ku isi yose—kuva muri Singapuru na Maleziya kugeza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Uburayi—bazanye iryo serukiramuco, barihuza n'umuco wo mu gace runaka ariko bakomeza imigenzo yaryo y'ingenzi. Mu mijyi nka New York, Londres, na Sydney, ibirori rusange byo Hagati mu Mpeshyi birimo imbyino z'ikiyoka, ibitaramo by'intare, kwerekana amatara, n'ibirori bicuruza utuntu tw'imyembe n'ibindi biryoshye by'Abashinwa. Ibi birori ntibihuza gusa imiryango y'Abashinwa ahubwo binamenyekanisha ubwiza n'icyo iryo serukiramuco rivuze ku bantu b'ingeri zose, bitera imbere mu gusobanukirwa no kwishimira imico itandukanye.
Ibirori bya none: Guha icyubahiro umuco mu isi iri guhinduka
Muri iki gihe, Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati mu Mpeshyi riracyari igihe cyo kongera guhura kw'imiryango, nubwo ubuzima bwa none bwongereye impinduka nshya ku migenzo ya kera. Ku bantu benshi, iri serukiramuco ritangirana n'ifunguro rya nimugoroba ry'umuryango—ibirori by'ibiribwa gakondo nk'ingurube yokeje, ingurube yokejwe, n'isambaza zo mu mazi meza, byose bigaragaza uburumbuke n'iterambere. Nyuma y'ifunguro rya nimugoroba, imiryango iteranira hanze (cyangwa iruhande rw'idirishya, niba ikirere ari kibi) kugira ngo yishimire ukwezi kuzuye, akenshi mu gihe barya mooncakes banywa divayi cyangwa icyayi cya osmanthus. Mooncakes, cyane cyane, zahindutse kugira ngo zihuze n'uburyohe bwa none: nubwo uburyohe bwa kera nk'imbuto ya lotus n'ibishyimbo bitukura bikomeje gukundwa, ubu hariho mooncakes "zishya" zuzuye shokora, ice cream, matcha, cyangwa ndetse na karameli irimo umunyu. Amwe mu masosiyete akora imigati atanga mooncakes "zifite ubuzima bwiza", zikozwe mu byuzuza isukari nke cyangwa ibinyampeke by'ingano zose, bigaburira abaguzi bitaye ku buzima.
Amatara ni ikindi kimenyetso kirambye cy’iri serukiramuco, nubwo imiterere yaryo yahindutse uko ibihe bihita. Amatara gakondo y’impapuro, akenshi yashushanyijweho amashusho y’imigani y’Abashinwa, aracyakunzwe, ariko ubu asangiza urumuri rw’amatara ya LED—arabagirana, afite amabara menshi, kandi akoresha ingufu nke. Mu mijyi imwe n’imwe, amatara manini ashyirwa mu busitani cyangwa mu mbuga rusange, bigatuma abantu benshi basura. Kimwe mu byerekana amatara bizwi cyane ni muri Pariki ya Victoria muri Hong Kong, aho amatara ibihumbi (harimo n’itara rinini rifite ishusho nk’ukwezi) amurikira ikirere nijoro, bigatuma habaho ikirere cy’amayobera.
Ku bakiri bato, Iserukiramuco ryo Hagati y'Impeshyi naryo ni igihe cyo kwishimisha no gusabana. Urubyiruko rwinshi rutegura "ibirori byo kureba ukwezi" n'inshuti, aho bakina imikino, bagafata amafoto bakoresheje amatara, kandi bagasangira ama-mooncakes. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, imbuga nkoranyambaga zagize uruhare mu birori byo kwizihiza iri serukiramuco: abantu bashyira amafoto y'ifunguro ry'umuryango wabo, amatara agaragara, cyangwa ama-mooncakes ku mbuga nka WeChat, Instagram, na TikTok, basangira ibyishimo byabo n'inshuti n'ababakurikira hirya no hino ku isi. Hari ibigo bimwe na bimwe byagiye bitabira iri serukiramuco ryo Hagati y'Impeshyi, basohora ama-mooncakes asanzwe cyangwa bakorana n'abahanzi kugira ngo bakore ibishushanyo byihariye by'amatara, bavanga umuco n'ubucuruzi bugezweho.
Nubwo hari izi mpinduka zigezweho, igisobanuro cy'ingenzi cy'Iserukiramuco ryo mu Gihe cy'Impeshyi ntikihinduka: ni ibirori byo kwizihiza ubumwe, gushima, n'ibyiringiro. Mu isi aho abantu bakunze gutandukanywa n'intera, akazi, cyangwa gahunda zihuze, iri serukiramuco ritwibutsa akamaro ko kugabanya umuvuduko, gusabana n'abakunzi, no kwishimira ibyishimo byoroshye byo mu buzima. Waba uteraniye hamwe n'umuryango wawe, wishimira amatara muri pariki, cyangwa woherereza inshuti yawe iri kure umugati w'impeshyi, Iserukiramuco ryo mu Gihe cy'Impeshyi ni igihe cyo kubaha ibyahise, kwishimira iby'ubu, no gutegereza ahazaza huzuye ibyishimo no kongera guhura.
Umwanzuro: Iserukiramuco ry'ibihe byose
Iserukiramuco ryo hagati mu gihe cy'impeshyi si umunsi mukuru gusa—ni ubutunzi bw'umuco, ni igihamya cy'imbaraga zihoraho z'umuco, kandi ni ibirori by'icyifuzo cya muntu cyo gusabana. Kuva ryatangira nk'umuhango w'ubuhinzi mu Bushinwa bwa kera kugeza ku rwego rw'isi yose, iri serukiramuco ryagiye rihinduka uko ibihe bigenda bihita, nyamara ntiryigeze ritakaza agaciro karyo k'ingenzi: umuryango, gushima, n'ubwiza bw'ukwezi.
Mu gihe tureba ukwezi kuzuye ku munsi wa 15 w'ukwezi kwa munani, ntabwo turimo kwishimira gusa ikintu cyo mu ijuru—turimo kwifatanya n'umuco w'imyaka 3.000, uruhererekane rw'ibyiringiro n'ibirori biduhuza n'abakurambere bacu ndetse n'abandi. Dutekereza kuri Chang'e n'urugo rwe rwonyine ku kwezi, kuri Wu Gang n'umurimo we w'iteka, ku bahinzi bashimira ku bw'umusaruro mwiza, no ku miryango yongera guhura nyuma y'amezi menshi yo gutandukana. Muri icyo gihe, twese turi igice cy'ikintu kinini kiruta twe—umuryango mpuzamahanga uboshywe n'inkuru zihuriweho, imigenzo ihuriweho, n'ibyiringiro bihuriweho.
Rero muri iri serukiramuco ryo hagati mu mpeshyi, fata umwanya wo guhagarara. Rya keke y'ukwezi, ucane itara, hanyuma urebe ukwezi. Ohereza icyifuzo ku muntu ukunda, cyangwa wicare ucecetse wishimire ubwiza bw'ijoro. Mu kubikora, ntuba wizihiza umunsi mukuru gusa—uba ukomeje umuco, uzakomeza kurabagirana nk'ukwezi kuzuye, mu bisekuru bizaza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Nzeri 2025